Data Types
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A data
type in a programming language is a set of data with values
having predefined characteristics. Examples of data types are:
integer, floating point unit number, character, string, and pointer. Usually, a
limited number of such data types come built into a language.
When
we write source code, compiler have to convert that source code into machine
code. The data used in source code have to be differentiate as digit, real
number or text (alphabetical) for compiler information. So, data are
categorized as per their type. These data type have size, as per this size they
have allocated memory.
In computer
science and computer programming, a data type or
simply type is a classification identifying one of various types of
data, such as real, integer or Boolean, that determines the
possible values for that type, the operations that can be done on values of
that type, the meaning of the data, and the way values of that type can be
stored.
Common
data types include:
Integers
Booleans
Characters
Floating-point numbers
The
type void
The
type specifier void indicates that no value is available.
Primitive Types:
A basic
type is a data type provided by a programming language as
a basic building block. Most languages allow more complicated composite
types to be recursively constructed starting from basic types.
A built-in
type is a data type for which the programming language provides built-in
support.
|
Type
|
Storage size
|
Value range
|
|
char
|
1 byte
|
-128 to 127 or 0 to 255
|
|
unsigned char
|
1 byte
|
0 to 255
|
|
signed char
|
1 byte
|
-128 to 127
|
|
int
|
2 or 4 bytes
|
-32,768 to 32,767 or
-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
|
|
unsigned int
|
2 or 4 bytes
|
0 to 65,535 or 0 to
4,294,967,295
|
|
short
|
2 bytes
|
-32,768 to 32,767
|
|
unsigned short
|
2 bytes
|
0 to 65,535
|
|
long
|
4 bytes
|
-2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647
|
|
unsigned long
|
4 bytes
|
0 to 4,294,967,295
|
Composite types
Composite
types are derived from more than one primitive type. This can be done in a
number of ways. The ways they are combined are called data structures.
Composing a primitive type into a compound type generally results in a new
type, e.g. array-of-integer is a different type to integer.
An array stores a number of elements of the same
type in a specific order. They are accessed randomly using an integer to
specify which element is required (although the elements may be of almost any
type). Arrays may be fixed-length or expandable.
A list is similar to an array, but its contents
are strung together by a series of references to the next element.
Record (also called tuple or
struct) Records are among the simplest data structures. A record is a
value that contains other values, typically in fixed number and sequence and
typically indexed by names. The elements of records are usually
called fields or members.
Union.
A union type definition will specify which of a number of permitted primitive
types may be stored in its instances, e.g. "float or long integer".
Contrast with a record, which could be defined to contain a
float and an integer; whereas, in a union, there is only one type
allowed at a time.
A tagged
union (also called a variant, variant record, discriminated union, or
disjoint union) contains an additional field indicating its current type, for
enhanced type safety.
A set is
an abstract data structure that can store certain values, without any
particular order, and no repeated values. Values themselves are not
retrieved from sets, rather one tests a value for membership to obtain a Boolean
"in" or "not in".
An object contains
a number of data fields, like a record, and also a number of subroutines for
accessing or modifying them, called methods.
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