In C programming, operators are symbols that tell the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical functions. Operators in C can be classified into several categories:
### 1. Arithmetic Operators
These operators perform arithmetic operations on variables and data.
```c
+ // Addition
- // Subtraction
* // Multiplication
/ // Division
% // Modulus (remainder of division)
```
Example:
```c
int a = 10, b = 3;
int sum = a + b; // 13
int diff = a - b; // 7
int prod = a * b; // 30
int quotient = a / b; // 3
int remainder = a % b; // 1
```
### 2. Relational Operators
These operators compare two values and return true or false.
== // Equal to
!= // Not equal to
> // Greater than
< // Less than
>= // Greater than or equal to
<= // Less than or equal to
```
Example:
```c
int a = 10, b = 3;
int result1 = (a == b); // 0 (false)
int result2 = (a != b); // 1 (true)
int result3 = (a > b); // 1 (true)
int result4 = (a < b); // 0 (false)
int result5 = (a >= b); // 1 (true)
int result6 = (a <= b); // 0 (false)
```
### 3. Logical Operators
These operators are used to combine conditional statements.
```c
&& // Logical AND
|| // Logical OR
! // Logical NOT
```
Example:
```c
int a = 10, b = 3, c = 0;
int result1 = (a > b && b > c); // 1 (true)
int result2 = (a > b || b > c); // 1 (true)
int result3 = !(a > b); // 0 (false)
```
### 4. Bitwise Operators
These operators perform bit-level operations on data.
```c
& // Bitwise AND
| // Bitwise OR
^ // Bitwise XOR
~ // Bitwise NOT
<< // Left shift
>> // Right shift
```
Example:
```c
int a = 5; // 0101 in binary
int b = 3; // 0011 in binary
int result1 = a & b; // 0001 (1)
int result2 = a | b; // 0111 (7)
int result3 = a ^ b; // 0110 (6)
int result4 = ~a; // 1010 (binary for -6 in 2's complement)
int result5 = a << 1; // 1010 (10)
int result6 = a >> 1; // 0010 (2)
```
### 5. Assignment Operators
These operators assign values to variables.
```c
= // Assign
+= // Add and assign
-= // Subtract and assign
*= // Multiply and assign
/= // Divide and assign
%= // Modulus and assign
```
Example:
```c
int a = 10;
a += 5; // a = a + 5, now a is 15
a -= 3; // a = a - 3, now a is 12
a *= 2; // a = a * 2, now a is 24
a /= 4; // a = a / 4, now a is 6
a %= 5; // a = a % 5, now a is 1
```
### 6. Increment and Decrement Operators
These operators increase or decrease the value of a variable by one.
```c
++ // Increment
-- // Decrement
```
Example:
```c
int a = 10;
a++; // a is now 11
a--; // a is now 10 again
int b = 5;
int c = ++b; // c is 6, b is 6 (pre-increment)
int d = b--; // d is 6, b is 5 (post-decrement)
```
### 7. Conditional (Ternary) Operator
This operator evaluates a condition and returns one of two values.
```c
condition ? expression1 : expression2
```
Example:
```c
int a = 10, b = 5;
int max = (a > b) ? a : b; // max is 10
```
### 8. Special Operators
- **Comma Operator**: Used to separate two or more expressions.
- **Sizeof Operator**: Returns the size of a data type or variable.
- **Pointer Operators**: `&` (address of), `*` (value at address).
Example:
```c
int a = 10, b = 5;
int result = (a++, b++); // result is 5, a is 11, b is 6
int size = sizeof(a); // size is typically 4 (depending on the system)
int *p = &a; // p is a pointer to a
int value = *p; // value is 11
```
These are some of the fundamental operators in C, which are essential for performing various operations and building complex expressions in your programs.
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